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the leisure industry

  • 1 leisure industry

    industrie f du temps libre ou des loisirs

    At present the average person goes out 1.4 times a week. By 2006 Datamonitor estimates this will rise to 1.6 times a week. The leisure industry will benefit from a £21bn increase in expenditure on meals and a £5.5bn increase in on-trade drinks expenditure. Three different consumer needs are driving the growth - the desire for experiences, the desire for indulgence and the desire to save time.

    English-French business dictionary > leisure industry

  • 2 leisure

    leisure [ˈleʒər, (US) ˈli:ʒər]
    1. noun
    [pursuits, activities] de loisirs
    * * *
    ['leʒə(r)], US ['liːʒə(r)] 1.
    noun [U] ( spare time) loisir(s) m(pl); ( activities) loisirs mpl
    2.
    noun modifier [ centre, facilities] de loisirs

    leisure industry — industrie f des loisirs

    English-French dictionary > leisure

  • 3 leisure

    noun
    Freizeit, die; (for relaxation) Muße, die; attrib. Freizeit[kleidung, -beschäftigung, -zentrum, -industrie]

    a life/day of leisure — ein Leben/Tag der Muße (geh.)

    do something at one's leisure — sich (Dat.) Zeit mit etwas lassen

    leisure time or hours — Freizeit, die

    * * *
    ['leʒə, ]( American[) 'li:ʒər]
    (time which one can spend as one likes, especially when one does not have to work: I seldom have leisure to watch television.) die Freizeit
    - academic.ru/42415/leisurely">leisurely
    * * *
    lei·sure
    [ˈleʒəʳ, AM ˈli:ʒɚ, ˈleʒɚ]
    I. n no pl Freizeit f
    a gentleman/lady of \leisure ( esp hum) ein Lebemann/eine Lebedame meist pej
    to lead a life of \leisure ein müßiges Leben führen, sich akk dem süßen Nichtstun hingeben
    ▶ at [one's] \leisure in aller Ruhe
    feel free to answer my letter at your \leisure nehmen Sie sich ruhig Zeit für die Beantwortung meines Schreibens
    call me at your \leisure rufen Sie mich an, wenn es Ihnen gelegen ist
    II. n modifier (clothes) Freizeit-
    \leisure activities Hobbys pl, Freizeitaktivitäten pl
    \leisure facilities Freizeiteinrichtungen pl
    \leisure hours/time Freizeit f
    * * *
    ['leZə(r)]
    n
    Freizeit f

    she decided to give up her job and become a lady of leisure — sie entschloss sich, ihren Beruf aufzugeben und in Muße zu leben

    to lead a life of leisure — ein Leben in or der Muße führen (geh), sich dem (süßen) Nichtstun ergeben

    the problem of what to do with one's leisure —

    a park where the public can stroll at leisure the Prime Minister is seldom at leisure — ein Park, in dem die Öffentlichkeit in aller Ruhe spazieren gehen kann der Premierminister hat selten Zeit für sich or hat selten freie Zeit

    to have the leisure to do sth — die Zeit or Muße haben, etw zu tun

    * * *
    leisure [ˈleʒə(r); US besonders ˈliːʒər]
    A s
    1. freie Zeit:
    a) mit Muße, ohne Hast, in (aller) Ruhe,
    b) frei, unbeschäftigt;
    at your leisure wenn es Ihnen (gerade) passt, bei Gelegenheit
    B adj Muße…, frei:
    leisure activities pl Freizeitgestaltung f;
    leisure center (bes Br centre) Freizeitzentrum n;
    leisure facilities Freizeiteinrichtungen;
    leisure hours Mußestunden;
    leisure industry Freizeitindustrie f;
    leisure occupation Freizeitbeschäftigung f;
    leisure park Freizeitpark m;
    leisure suit Freizeitanzug m;
    leisure time Freizeit f;
    leisure wear Freizeitkleidung f
    * * *
    noun
    Freizeit, die; (for relaxation) Muße, die; attrib. Freizeit[kleidung, -beschäftigung, -zentrum, -industrie]

    a life/day of leisure — ein Leben/Tag der Muße (geh.)

    do something at one's leisure — sich (Dat.) Zeit mit etwas lassen

    leisure time or hours — Freizeit, die

    English-german dictionary > leisure

  • 4 leisure

    'leʒə, ]( American) 'li:ʒər
    (time which one can spend as one likes, especially when one does not have to work: I seldom have leisure to watch television.) ocio
    leisure n ocio / tiempo libre
    tr['leʒəSMALLr/SMALL, SMALLʊʃ/SMALL 'liːʒəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 ocio, tiempo libre
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at leisure (with free time) en su tiempo libre 2 (calmly) tranquilamente
    to do something at one's leisure hacer algo cuando uno pueda
    to live a life of leisure vivir a cuerpo de rey
    leisure centre (sports) club nombre masculino deportivo 2 (cultural) centro cultural
    leisure wear ropa de sport
    leisure ['li:ʒər, 'lɛ-] n
    1) : ocio m, tiempo m libre
    a life of leisure: una vida de ocio
    2)
    3)
    at your leisure : cuando te venga bien, cuando tengas tiempo
    adj.
    • de ocio adj.
    n.
    • desocupación s.f.
    • holganza s.f.
    • huelga s.f.
    • ocio s.m.
    • tiempo s.m.
    • tiempo libre s.m.
    • vagar s.m.
    'liːʒər, 'leʒə(r)
    mass noun tiempo m libre

    to live o lead a life of leisure — llevar una vida de ocio

    now I'm a lady of leisure — (hum) ahora me doy la gran vida

    read it at your leisure — léalo cuando le venga bien; (before n) < activity> de tiempo libre

    leisure center — (AmE) centro m recreativo

    leisure centre — (BrE) centro m deportivo, polideportivo m

    leisure time — tiempo m libre, ratos mpl libres

    leisure wear — ropa f deportiva

    ['leʒǝ(r)] (US) [ˌ'liːʒǝ(r)]
    1.
    N ocio m

    a life of leisure — una vida de ocio, una vida ociosa

    lady 1., 1)
    2.
    CPD

    leisure centre (Brit), leisure complex N — polideportivo m

    leisure industry N — sector m del ocio

    leisure occupations, leisure pursuits NPL — = leisure activities

    leisure time N — tiempo m libre

    in one's leisure time — en sus ratos libres, en los momentos de ocio

    leisure wear N — ropa f de sport

    * * *
    ['liːʒər, 'leʒə(r)]
    mass noun tiempo m libre

    to live o lead a life of leisure — llevar una vida de ocio

    now I'm a lady of leisure — (hum) ahora me doy la gran vida

    read it at your leisure — léalo cuando le venga bien; (before n) < activity> de tiempo libre

    leisure center — (AmE) centro m recreativo

    leisure centre — (BrE) centro m deportivo, polideportivo m

    leisure time — tiempo m libre, ratos mpl libres

    leisure wear — ropa f deportiva

    English-spanish dictionary > leisure

  • 5 industry

    n

    to relocate one's industries — переносить свои предприятия в другое место

    to restore industry — возрождать / восстанавливать промышленность

    to sell off an industry — продавать частным владельцам / денационализировать отрасль промышленности

    - aerospace industry
    - agricultural industry
    - aircraft industry
    - allied industries
    - ancillary industries
    - armaments industry
    - arms industry
    - atomic industry
    - auto industry
    - automobile industry
    - auxiliary industry
    - baby industries
    - basic industries
    - building industry
    - capital goods industries
    - capital-intensive industry
    - chemical industry
    - cinematographic industry
    - construction industry
    - consumer goods industry
    - cottage industry
    - craft industry
    - defense industries
    - defense-related industries
    - development of national industry
    - diversified industry
    - domestic industry
    - efficient industry
    - electric-power industry
    - electronics industry
    - electrotechnical industry
    - energy industry
    - engineering industry
    - entertainment industry
    - export industries
    - export-promoting industries
    - extractive industry
    - fabricating industry
    - farming industry
    - ferrous metal industry
    - film industry
    - food industry
    - food-processing industry
    - forest industry
    - fuel and power industries
    - fuel industry
    - heavy industry
    - high tech industry
    - highly developed industries
    - home industry
    - import-substituting industries
    - import-substitution industries
    - industries with non-stop production
    - infant industry
    - instruction industry
    - instrument-making industry
    - iron and steel industry
    - key industry
    - labor-consuming industries
    - labor-intensive industries
    - large-scale industry
    - leisure-time industries
    - light industry
    - local industry
    - machine-building industry
    - machine-tool industry
    - manufacturing industry
    - maritime industry
    - metal-working industry
    - mining industry
    - monopolistic industry
    - monopolized industry
    - motor-car industry
    - national industry
    - nationalized industry
    - nuclear industry
    - nuclear-power industry
    - oil industry
    - oil-extracting industry
    - petrochemical industry
    - petroleum industry
    - power industry
    - primary industry
    - printing industry
    - priority industries
    - processing industries
    - public industries
    - publicly-owned industries
    - radio engineering industry
    - regional industry
    - rural industry
    - science-consuming industry
    - science-intensive industry
    - secondary industry
    - service industries
    - service-producing industries
    - shipbuilding industry
    - small-scale industries
    - state industry
    - state-controlled industry
    - state-owned industry
    - steel industry
    - sunrise industry
    - sunset industry
    - technically advanced industry
    - technology industry
    - technology-intensive industry
    - tourist industry
    - trade industry
    - traditional industries
    - travel industry
    - uneconomic industries
    - up-to-date industry
    - user industries
    - vital industries
    - war industry
    - weapon industry

    Politics english-russian dictionary > industry

  • 6 industrie

    industrie [ɛ̃dystʀi]
    feminine noun
    • industrie légère/lourde light/heavy industry
    * * *
    ɛ̃dystʀi
    1) ( secteur) industry

    industrie automobile/d'armement — car/arms industry

    2) ( entreprise) industrial concern ou firm
    * * *
    ɛ̃dystʀi nf

    industrie du spectacle — entertainment industry, show business

    * * *
    1 ( activité) industry; développer/relancer l'industrie to develop/boost industry;
    2 ( secteur) industry; industrie automobile/chimique/textile/d'armement car/chemical/textile/arms industry; l'industrie du cinéma the film industry; l'industrie hôtelière the hotel trade; l'industrie légère/lourde/de pointe light/heavy/high-tech industry; l'industrie du spectacle the entertainment industry ou business; les industries de transformation the processing ou manufacturing industries;
    3 ( entreprise) industrial concern ou firm;
    4 †( ingéniosité) ingenuity;
    5 †( métier) trade; exercer sa coupable industrie hum to ply one's evil trade.
    [ɛ̃dystri] nom féminin
    1. [secteur de production] industry
    2. [secteur commercial] industry, trade, business
    3. [équipements] plant, industry
    4. [entreprise] industrial concern

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > industrie

  • 7 ocio

    m.
    leisure.
    en sus ratos de ocio se dedica a leer he spends his spare time reading
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: ociar.
    * * *
    1 (tiempo libre) leisure
    2 (desocupación) idleness
    \
    ratos de ocio spare time sing, leisure time sing
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=tiempo libre) leisure

    ratos de ocio — leisure time, spare time, free time

    2) (=inactividad) idleness
    3) pl ocios (=actividades) leisure pursuits
    * * *
    a) ( tiempo libre) spare time, leisure time
    b) (inactividad, holgazanería) inactivity, idleness
    * * *
    = leisure, recreation, entertainment.
    Ex. We are too prone to be dummy people by day, and thinking, articulate individuals only in the safety of home and leisure.
    Ex. We need to know whether the equipment is to be used for recreation or study and research.
    Ex. In Spain, posters and cartoons were used to convey the impression of reading as entertainment.
    ----
    * centro de ocio = recreation centre, recreational centre.
    * dedicarse al ocio = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.
    * de ocio = recreational.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * información de ocio = infotainment.
    * lectura de ocio = recreational reading, leisure reading, pleasure reading.
    * material de ocio = entertainment material.
    * negocio del ocio, el = entertainment industry, the.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * sociedad del ocio = leisure society, leisured society.
    * zona de ocio = leisure facilities.
    * * *
    a) ( tiempo libre) spare time, leisure time
    b) (inactividad, holgazanería) inactivity, idleness
    * * *
    = leisure, recreation, entertainment.

    Ex: We are too prone to be dummy people by day, and thinking, articulate individuals only in the safety of home and leisure.

    Ex: We need to know whether the equipment is to be used for recreation or study and research.
    Ex: In Spain, posters and cartoons were used to convey the impression of reading as entertainment.
    * centro de ocio = recreation centre, recreational centre.
    * dedicarse al ocio = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.
    * de ocio = recreational.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * información de ocio = infotainment.
    * lectura de ocio = recreational reading, leisure reading, pleasure reading.
    * material de ocio = entertainment material.
    * negocio del ocio, el = entertainment industry, the.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * sociedad del ocio = leisure society, leisured society.
    * zona de ocio = leisure facilities.

    * * *
    1 (tiempo libre) spare time, leisure time, free time
    ¿qué haces en tus ratos de ocio? what do you do in your spare o leisure o free time?
    la cultura del ocio the leisure culture
    2 (inactividad, holgazanería) inactivity, idleness
    el ocio es madre de todos los vicios the devil makes work for idle hands
    * * *

     

    ocio sustantivo masculino

    b) (inactividad, holgazanería) inactivity, idleness

    ocio sustantivo masculino leisure time
    ' ocio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    columpio
    - hipódromo
    - jogging
    - noria
    - tienda
    - turismo
    English:
    leisure
    - RV
    - idle
    - listing
    * * *
    ocio nm
    [tiempo libre] leisure; [inactividad] idleness;
    en sus ratos de ocio se dedica a leer he spends his spare time reading
    * * *
    m leisure time, free time; desp
    idleness;
    industria del ocio leisure industry
    * * *
    ocio nm
    1) : free time, leisure
    2) : idleness
    * * *
    ocio n leisure
    ¿qué haces en tus ratos de ocio? what do you do in your free time?

    Spanish-English dictionary > ocio

  • 8 industria

    f.
    1 industry.
    industria alimentaria food industry
    industria automovilística o del automóvil car industry
    industria cinematográfica o del cine film o movie industry
    industria del ocio leisure industry
    industria punta sunrise industry
    2 factory.
    3 diligence, industry, application, sedulousness.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: industriar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: industriar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) industry
    2 (fábrica) factory
    \
    industria terciaria tertiary industry
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Com) industry

    industria automovilística — car industry, auto industry (EEUU)

    industria del automóvil — car industry, automobile industry (EEUU)

    industria militar — weapons industry, defence industry

    2) (=fábrica) factory
    3) (=dedicación) industry, industriousness
    4) † (=maña) ingenuity, skill, expertise
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.
    Ex. Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.
    Ex. This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    ----
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.

    Ex: Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

    Ex: This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

    * * *
    A ( Com, Econ) industry
    la industria de la construcción the construction industry
    Compuestos:
    cottage industry
    motor industry, car industry
    cottage industry
    telecommunications industry
    sex industry
    space industry
    light industry
    arms o weapons industry, defense* industry
    heavy industry
    fishing industry
    staple industries (pl)
    iron and steel industry
    B
    1 (esfuerzo) diligence, industry
    2 (destreza) resourcefulness, ingenuity
    * * *

    industria sustantivo femenino (Com, Econ) industry;

    industria pesquera fishing industry
    industria sustantivo femenino industry
    industria siderúrgica, iron and steel industry

    ' industria' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aeronáutica
    - aeronáutico
    - azucarera
    - azucarero
    - cafetera
    - cafetero
    - cárnica
    - cárnico
    - cinematográfica
    - cinematográfico
    - confección
    - construcción
    - manufactura
    - minería
    - peletería
    - perfumería
    - repunte
    - revolucionar
    - sombrerería
    - turismo
    - alimenticio
    - ascenso
    - atrasar
    - automotor
    - crecimiento
    - fomentar
    - hotelería
    - lechero
    - levantar
    - nacional
    - nacionalización
    - nacionalizar
    - obrero
    - paralizar
    - ramo
    - reconvertir
    - usina
    - vinícola
    English:
    cosmetic
    - cottage industry
    - cripple
    - develop
    - DTI
    - encourage
    - encouragement
    - forefront
    - high-tech
    - industry
    - meat industry
    - oil industry
    - printing
    - publishing
    - rag trade
    - rundown
    - service industry
    - standstill
    - steel industry
    - tourist industry
    - trade
    - woolen
    - woollen
    - business
    - fishery
    - growth industry
    - manufacturing
    - tourist
    * * *
    1. [sector] industry
    la industria agroalimentaria the food and agriculture industry;
    industria automotriz car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del automóvil car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria automovilística car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del entretenimiento entertainment industry;
    industria en expansión growth industry;
    industria ligera light industry;
    industria del ocio leisure industry;
    industria pesada heavy industry;
    industria punta sunrise industry;
    industria textil textile industry;
    industria de transformación manufacturing industry;
    industria del turismo tourist industry;
    industria turística tourist industry
    2. [fábrica] factory
    3. [habilidad] industry, hard work
    * * *
    f
    1 actividad, sector industry
    2 ( esfuerzo) industriousness, industry
    * * *
    : industry
    * * *
    industria n industry [pl. industries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > industria

  • 9 sector

    m.
    1 section.
    el sector automovilístico the motor industry
    sector cuaternario leisure industries o sector
    sector primario/secundario primary/secondary sector
    sector privado/público private/public sector
    sector servicios o terciario service industries o sector
    2 sector, area (zona).
    * * *
    1 (gen) sector
    3 figurado (parte) section
    \
    sector primario / sector secundario / sector terciario primary industry / secondary industry / tertiary industry
    sector privado / sector público private sector / public sector
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Econ, Geom) sector

    sector terciario — tertiary sector, service industries pl, service sector

    2) (=sección) [de opinión] section; [de ciudad] area, sector

    sector industrial — Col industrial estate (Brit), industrial park (EEUU)

    * * *
    a) ( grupo) sector, group
    b) (Mat) sector
    c) ( de ciudad) area
    d) (Com, Econ) sector
    * * *
    = end, section, sector, segment, sphere.
    Ex. Scanning must start to the left of the bar codes and must continue past the right end.
    Ex. Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex. DC is certainly not regarded as the perfect classification scheme even in sectors where there is no serious alternative.
    Ex. No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.
    Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    ----
    * dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.
    * disco de sectores blandos = soft sectored disc.
    * en algunos sectores = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * establecer sectores = sectoring.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * sector académico, el = academic sector, the.
    * sector agrícola = agricultural sector.
    * sector bancario, el = banking sector, the.
    * sector bibliotecario = library sector.
    * sector blando = soft sector.
    * sector comercial, el = profit-oriented sector, the, profit sector, the, commercial sector, the, for-profit sector, the.
    * sector de la cría de cerdos, el = pig sector, the.
    * sector de la edición, el = publishing sector, the.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * sector de la información, el = information sector, the, infosphere, the.
    * sector de las agencias de viajes, el = travel industry, the, travel sector, the.
    * sector del censo = census tract.
    * sector duro = hard sector.
    * sector editorial, el = publishing sector, the.
    * sector empresarial, el = business sector, the, commercial sector, the.
    * sectores = quarters.
    * sector financiero, el = finance sector, the.
    * sector industrial, el = industrial sector, the.
    * sector lácteo, el = dairy sector, the.
    * sector lechero, el = dairy sector, the.
    * sector marginado = deprived sector.
    * sector más avanzado = high end.
    * sector no comercial, el = not-for-profit sector, the, non-profit sector, the.
    * sector privado = private enterprise.
    * sector privado, el = private sector, the, profit sector, the.
    * sector público, el = public sector, the.
    * sector superior = high end.
    * sector terciario = third sector.
    * * *
    a) ( grupo) sector, group
    b) (Mat) sector
    c) ( de ciudad) area
    d) (Com, Econ) sector
    * * *
    = end, section, sector, segment, sphere.

    Ex: Scanning must start to the left of the bar codes and must continue past the right end.

    Ex: Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex: DC is certainly not regarded as the perfect classification scheme even in sectors where there is no serious alternative.
    Ex: No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.
    Ex: I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.
    * dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.
    * disco de sectores blandos = soft sectored disc.
    * en algunos sectores = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * establecer sectores = sectoring.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * sector académico, el = academic sector, the.
    * sector agrícola = agricultural sector.
    * sector bancario, el = banking sector, the.
    * sector bibliotecario = library sector.
    * sector blando = soft sector.
    * sector comercial, el = profit-oriented sector, the, profit sector, the, commercial sector, the, for-profit sector, the.
    * sector de la cría de cerdos, el = pig sector, the.
    * sector de la edición, el = publishing sector, the.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * sector de la información, el = information sector, the, infosphere, the.
    * sector de las agencias de viajes, el = travel industry, the, travel sector, the.
    * sector del censo = census tract.
    * sector duro = hard sector.
    * sector editorial, el = publishing sector, the.
    * sector empresarial, el = business sector, the, commercial sector, the.
    * sectores = quarters.
    * sector financiero, el = finance sector, the.
    * sector industrial, el = industrial sector, the.
    * sector lácteo, el = dairy sector, the.
    * sector lechero, el = dairy sector, the.
    * sector marginado = deprived sector.
    * sector más avanzado = high end.
    * sector no comercial, el = not-for-profit sector, the, non-profit sector, the.
    * sector privado = private enterprise.
    * sector privado, el = private sector, the, profit sector, the.
    * sector público, el = public sector, the.
    * sector superior = high end.
    * sector terciario = third sector.

    * * *
    1 (grupo) sector, group
    ningún sector social se puede beneficiar de estas medidas no sector of society o no social group can benefit from these measures
    2 ( Mat) sector
    el sector norte de la ciudad the northern area o part of the city
    4 ( Com, Econ) sector
    este sector de la economía this sector o area of the economy
    la empresa líder en su sector the leading company in its field
    el sector agrario the agricultural sector o industry, agriculture
    Compuestos:
    agricultural sector o industry
    used o second-hand car market
    aviation industry
    construction industry
    auto industry ( AmE), motor industry ( BrE), car industry ( BrE)
    air transportation sector ( AmE), air transport sector ( BrE)
    service o tertiary sector
    business o corporate sector
    ( Col) (actividad) industrial sector; (zona) industrial area o zone, industrial estate ( BrE)
    primary sector
    private sector
    public sector
    secondary o manufacturing sector
    tertiary o service sector
    * * *

     

    sector sustantivo masculino

    b) (Mat) sector


    d) (Com, Econ) sector

    sector sustantivo masculino
    1 (de una ciudad, edificio, etc) area
    2 (de un grupo) sector
    3 Geom Econ sector
    sector primario/ secundario, primary/secondary sector
    sector público/privado, public/private sector
    ' sector' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    marginar
    - sabática
    - sabático
    - siderúrgica
    - siderúrgico
    - agrario
    - banca
    - bancario
    - cabeza
    - empresa
    - este
    - informal
    - oeste
    - segmento
    - sudeste
    - sudoeste
    - sur
    English:
    banking
    - bracket
    - down-market
    - industrial unrest
    - put
    - section
    - sector
    - service industry
    - service sector
    - downmarket
    - enterprise
    - manufacturing
    - muscle
    - private
    - public
    - segment
    - service
    * * *
    sector nm
    1. [división] section;
    todos los sectores de la sociedad the whole of society
    2. Econ sector, industry;
    el líder del sector the industry leader
    sector cuaternario leisure industries o sector;
    sector exterior foreign sector;
    sector primario primary sector;
    sector privado private sector;
    sector público public sector;
    sector secundario secondary sector;
    sector servicios service industries o sector;
    sector terciario service industries o sector
    3. [zona] sector, area;
    en el sector norte de la ciudad in the northern area o part of the city
    4. Geom sector
    * * *
    m sector
    * * *
    sector nm
    : sector
    * * *
    3. (de industria) sector / industry [pl. industries]
    el sector privado / público the private / public sector

    Spanish-English dictionary > sector

  • 10 loisir

    loisir [lwaziʀ]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = temps libre) leisure uncount
       b. ( = activités) loisirs leisure activities
    * * *
    lwaziʀ
    nom masculin
    1) ( temps libre) spare time [U]
    3) ( activité) leisure activity
    * * *
    lwaziʀ
    1. nm
    leisure, spare time

    heures de loisir — spare time, free time

    à loisir; tout à loisir (en prenant son temps) — at leisure, (autant qu'on le désire) at one's pleasure

    2. loisirs nmpl
    1) (= temps libre) leisure sg spare time sg
    2) (= activités) leisure activities
    * * *
    loisir nm
    1 ( temps libre) leisure ¢, spare time ¢; pendant mes moments de loisir, pendant mes loisirs in my leisure time ou spare time; industrie/civilisation du loisir or des loisirs leisure industry/society; (tout) à loisir at (great) leisure;
    2 ( possibilité) avoir le loisir/tout loisir de faire to have time/plenty of time to do; donner/laisser à qn le loisir de faire to allow/leave sb the time to do;
    3 ( activité) leisure activity; loisirs sportifs/de plein air sporting/outdoor activities.
    [lwazir] nom masculin
    1. [temps libre] spare time
    2. [possibilité]
    ————————
    loisirs nom masculin pluriel
    [activités] leisure (substantif non comptable), spare-time activities
    (tout) à loisir locution adverbiale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > loisir

  • 11 alimentar

    v.
    1 to feed (dar comida).
    tengo cinco hijos que alimentar I've got five kids to feed
    La madre alimenta al chico The mother feeds the boy.
    La bandeja alimenta la impresora The tray feeds the printer.
    2 to feed.
    la lectura alimenta el espíritu reading improves your mind
    3 to fuel.
    4 to be nourishing.
    los garbanzos alimentan mucho chickpeas are very nutritious
    * * *
    1 (dar alimento) to feed
    2 (mantener) to keep, support
    3 figurado (alentar) to encourage, foster, nurture; (pasiones) to feed, fuel, nurture
    4 (uso técnico) to feed
    1 (servir de alimento) to nourish, be nutritious
    1 to live (de/con, on)
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dar de comer a) to feed
    2) (=nutrir) to be nutritious o nourishing
    3) [+ imaginación] to fire, fuel; [+ esperanzas, pasiones] to feed, fuel; [+ sentimiento, idea] to foster
    4) [+ hoguera, horno doméstico, fuego] to feed, add fuel to; [+ horno industrial] to stoke

    el operario alimenta la máquina de o con combustible — the operator feeds fuel into the machine

    5) (Elec) to supply
    2.
    VI to be nutritious, be nourishing
    - huele que alimenta
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( nutrir) <persona/animal> to feed
    2) <ilusión/esperanza> to nurture, cherish; < ego> to boost
    3) <máquina/motor> to feed; < caldera> to stoke
    2.
    alimentar vi to be nourishing
    3.
    alimentarse v pron <persona/animal> to feed oneself

    alimentarse con or de algo — to live on something

    * * *
    = feed, fuel, nurture, nourish, stoke.
    Ex. The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.
    Ex. This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex. Studying the leisure reading preferences of teens can help library media specialists develop collections and programs that nurture a lifelong love of reading.
    Ex. The library's mission must be further nourished and refined, for philosophy is not an idle pastime -- it is a foundation and rationale for human endeavor.
    Ex. The media have regularly stoked public feelings of shame by affirming that English football fans are synonymous with hooliganism, overlooking the fact that not all fans are 'hooligans'.
    ----
    * alimentar a la fuerza = force-feed.
    * alimentar datos = populate.
    * alimentar el espíritu = refresh + the spirit.
    * alimentar el odio = fuel + hatred.
    * alimentar la esperanza = nurture + hope.
    * alimentarse = graze (on).
    * alimentarse de = thrive on, feast on, prey on/upon.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( nutrir) <persona/animal> to feed
    2) <ilusión/esperanza> to nurture, cherish; < ego> to boost
    3) <máquina/motor> to feed; < caldera> to stoke
    2.
    alimentar vi to be nourishing
    3.
    alimentarse v pron <persona/animal> to feed oneself

    alimentarse con or de algo — to live on something

    * * *
    = feed, fuel, nurture, nourish, stoke.

    Ex: The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.

    Ex: This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex: Studying the leisure reading preferences of teens can help library media specialists develop collections and programs that nurture a lifelong love of reading.
    Ex: The library's mission must be further nourished and refined, for philosophy is not an idle pastime -- it is a foundation and rationale for human endeavor.
    Ex: The media have regularly stoked public feelings of shame by affirming that English football fans are synonymous with hooliganism, overlooking the fact that not all fans are 'hooligans'.
    * alimentar a la fuerza = force-feed.
    * alimentar datos = populate.
    * alimentar el espíritu = refresh + the spirit.
    * alimentar el odio = fuel + hatred.
    * alimentar la esperanza = nurture + hope.
    * alimentarse = graze (on).
    * alimentarse de = thrive on, feast on, prey on/upon.

    * * *
    alimentar [A1 ]
    vt
    A (nutrir) ‹persona/animal› to feed
    tengo tres hijos que alimentar I have three children to feed
    alimentan a los animales con piensos the animals are fed on pellets
    estas tierras alimentaron a mi familia durante generaciones my family lived off this land for generations, this land supported my family for generations
    Extremadura alimentó durante largo tiempo este flujo emigratorio for a long time Extremadura contributed to o fed this flow of emigrants
    B
    1 ‹ilusión/esperanza› to nurture, cherish
    varios años de enfrentamiento alimentaron el odio entre los dos bandos several years of confrontation fueled the hatred between the two sides
    alimentó mi curiosidad con aquella historia the story she told fed my curiosity
    2 ‹ego› to boost
    contribuyó a alimentar su ego it helped to boost his ego
    C ‹máquina/motor› to feed; ‹caldera› to stoke
    algodón para alimentar la industria textil cotton to supply the textile industry, cotton for the textile industry
    ■ alimentar
    vi
    to be nourishing
    «persona/animal» to feed oneself
    este chico no se alimenta bien this boy doesn't feed himself o eat right ( AmE), this boy doesn't feed himself o eat properly ( BrE)
    alimentarse CON or DE algo to live ON sth
    se alimenta con frutas y verduras she lives on fruit and vegetables
    se alimenta de energía solar it runs on solar energy
    * * *

     

    alimentar ( conjugate alimentar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹persona/animal› to feed
    2
    a) ‹ilusión/esperanza› to nurture, cherish;

    ‹ ego› to boost
    b) ‹odio/pasión› to fuel

    3 ‹máquina/motor› to feed;
    ‹ caldera› to stoke
    verbo intransitivo
    to be nourishing
    alimentarse verbo pronominal [persona/animal] to feed oneself;
    alimentarse con or de algo to live on sth
    alimentar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (dar de comer) to feed
    2 fig (fomentar un sentimiento) to nourish
    3 Inform to feed
    Téc to supply
    II vt & vi (ser nutritivo) to be nutritious
    ' alimentar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    mantener
    - suero
    English:
    feed
    - nourish
    - support
    - bottle
    - force
    - fuel
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [dar comida] to feed;
    alimentan a los tigres con carne they feed the tigers meat;
    tengo cinco hijos que alimentar I've got five kids to feed;
    el hijo mayor trabaja y alimenta a toda la familia the eldest son goes to work so that the whole family can eat
    2. [dar energía, material] to feed;
    la lectura alimenta el espíritu reading improves your mind;
    esa actitud alimenta la intolerancia that attitude fuels intolerance;
    trabajar con él le ha alimentado el ego working with him has boosted her ego
    3. [motor, coche] to fuel;
    [caldera] to stoke;
    alimentar una batería to charge o recharge a battery
    ♦ vi
    [nutrir] to be nourishing;
    los garbanzos alimentan mucho chickpeas are very nutritious
    * * *
    I v/t tb TÉC, fig
    feed; EL power
    II v/i be nourishing
    * * *
    1) nutrir: to feed, to nourish
    2) mantener: to support (a family)
    3) fomentar: to nurture, to foster
    * * *
    1. (dar alimento) to feed [pt. & pp. fed]
    2. (mantener) to keep [pt. & pp. kept] / to support
    3. (servir de alimento) to be good for you

    Spanish-English dictionary > alimentar

  • 12 Freizeit

    Freizeit f FREI, PERS leisure time, spare time, time off, time off work
    * * *
    f <Frei, Person> leisure time, spare time, time off, time off work
    * * *
    Freizeit
    leisure (free, off, spare) time, leisure hours, playtime, vacancy, time off, spell (Australia);
    • absolute Freizeit discretionary time;
    • bezahlte Freizeit paid (dead) time;
    • persönliche Freizeit (Arbeitnehmer) personal allowance;
    • Freizeitangebot (Touristik) leisure package;
    • Freizeitanlagen leisure facility;
    • Freizeitartikel leisure items (products);
    • Freizeitausgaben leisure spending;
    • Freizeitbedürfnisse leisure-time needs;
    • Freizeitbereich leisure activities;
    • Freizeitbeschäftigung leisure pursuit, spare-time job, [off-the-job] recreational activities, spare-time activities;
    • Freizeitdienstleistungen leisure-time service;
    • Freizeiteinrichtungen recreation facilities;
    • Freizeit gebiet, Freizeitgelände leisure (recreation) area, recreation site, (leitende Angestellte) executive retreat;
    • Freizeitindustrie leisure industry (business), recreation market;
    • Freizeitkomplex leisure complex;
    • Freizeitmarkt leisure-time market;
    • [betriebliches] Freizeitprogramm [company] recreational program(me);
    • Freizeittätigkeit off-the-job (recreational) activities;
    • Freizeitwert recreational value;
    • Freizeitwerte (Börse) leisure issues;
    • Freizeitwesen recreation field.

    Business german-english dictionary > Freizeit

  • 13 calzado

    adj.
    shod, calced.
    m.
    footwear, shoes, footgear.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: calzar.
    * * *
    1 footwear, shoes plural
    ————————
    1→ link=calzar calzar
    1 wearing shoes, with shoes on
    2 RELIGIÓN calced
    1 footwear, shoes plural
    \
    industria del calzado footwear industry
    tienda de calzado shoe shop
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ

    conviene ir calzado — it's better to wear shoes, one has to wear something on one's feet

    2.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    II
    masculino (frml) footwear (frml)
    * * *
    = footwear, shod, shoewear.
    Ex. Permission has been granted to introduce a system of surveillance licensing for the purpose of monitoring imports of low-priced goods, such as clothing and footwear originating in non-EC countries.
    Ex. Many children walk barefoot in South Africa and unshod or partially shod (thong-type sandals) leisure behaviour may persist in adulthood.
    Ex. Not all bunions progress because if the patient starts wearing good shoewear and they are caught early enough they may not get any worse.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    II
    masculino (frml) footwear (frml)
    * * *
    = footwear, shod, shoewear.

    Ex: Permission has been granted to introduce a system of surveillance licensing for the purpose of monitoring imports of low-priced goods, such as clothing and footwear originating in non-EC countries.

    Ex: Many children walk barefoot in South Africa and unshod or partially shod (thong-type sandals) leisure behaviour may persist in adulthood.
    Ex: Not all bunions progress because if the patient starts wearing good shoewear and they are caught early enough they may not get any worse.

    * * *
    calzado1 -da
    hay que ir bien calzado you have to wear good shoes
    conviene ir calzado it's best to wear shoes o something on your feet
    ( frml)
    footwear ( frml)
    la industria del calzado the shoe industry
    una fábrica de calzado a shoe factory
    taller de reparación de calzado shoe repairer's, cobbler's
    * * *

    Del verbo calzar: ( conjugate calzar)

    calzado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    calzado    
    calzar
    calzado sustantivo masculino (frml) footwear (frml)
    calzar ( conjugate calzar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ persona› ( proveerla de calzado) to provide … with shoes;

    ( ponerle los zapatos):

    b) ( llevar):


    calzaba zapatillas de deporte he was wearing training shoes
    2 ‹ rueda› to chock, wedge a block under
    3 (Col) ‹ muela› to fill
    calzarse verbo pronominal ( refl)

    b) ‹ zapato› to put on

    calzado sustantivo masculino shoes pl, footwear
    calzar verbo transitivo
    1 (llevar calzado) to wear: ¿qué número calza?, what size does he take?
    2 (poner los zapatos) to put shoes on
    3 (a un mueble) to wedge
    ' calzado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    betún
    - botín
    - calzar
    - durar
    - lengüeta
    - limpiar
    - número
    - plantilla
    - reparación
    - resistente
    - talón
    - bota
    - crema
    - ojota
    - poner
    English:
    footwear
    - shoe
    - foot
    * * *
    calzado, -a
    ♦ adj
    [con zapatos] shod
    ♦ nm
    footwear;
    tienda de calzado shoe shop;
    fabricantes de calzado shoe manufacturers
    calzado deportivo sports shoes;
    calzado ortopédico orthopaedic footwear
    * * *
    I adj with shoes on;
    iba calzado de botas he had boots on, he was wearing boots
    II m footwear
    * * *
    : footwear
    * * *
    calzado n shoes

    Spanish-English dictionary > calzado

  • 14 industria

    f industry
    ( operosità) industriousness
    industria dei servizi service industry, services
    industria pesante heavy industry
    * * *
    industria s.f.
    1 industry; (fabbricazione) manufacture; (attività industriale) trade; (impresa industriale) industrial concern, industry: piccola, media, grande industria, small, medium-size, big industry; industria agricola, agricultural industry; industria alimentare, food industry; industria a sovvenzione statale, subsidized industry; industria a tecnologia avanzata, high-technology industry; industria casearia, dairy industry; industria chiave, key industry; industria conserviera, canning (o tinning) industry; industria dell'abbigliamento, clothing industry; l'industria dell'automobile, the car industry; industria dei servizi, terziaria, service (o tertiary) industry; industria dei trasporti, carrying trade; industria del freddo, frozen foods industry; industria dello spettacolo, entertainment industry (o show business); industria di base, basic industry; l'industria delle costruzioni, the building industry; industria dolciaria, confectionery (industry); industria farmaceutica, pharmaceuticals (o pharmaceutical company); industria leggera, pesante, light, heavy industry; industria manifatturiera, manufacturing industry; industria metalmeccanica, engineering industry; industria mineraria, mining industry; industria navale, shipping industry; industria nazionale, domestic industry; industria nazionalizzata, nationalized industry; industria petrolchimica, petrochemical industry; industria primaria, secondaria, primary, secondary industry; industria siderurgica, iron and steel industry; industria tessile, textile industry; industria turistica, tourist industry; industrie del tempo libero, leisure industries; industrie di trasformazione, manufacturing industries; industrie estrattive, extractive industries; industrie grafiche ed editoriali, printing and publishing
    2 (assiduità, zelo) industry, diligence
    3 (letter.) (abilità) skill, cleverness; (ingegnosità) astuteness, cunning // vivere d'industria, to live by one's wits.
    * * *
    [in'dustrja]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (attività, settore) industry

    piccola, media industria — small, medium-sized industry

    2) (azienda) factory, works pl.
    •

    industria automobilistica — car o motor industry

    industria farmaceutica — drug o pharmaceutical industry

    * * *
    industria
    /in'dustrja/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (attività, settore) industry; piccola, media industria small, medium-sized industry; grande industria big industries o business
     2 (azienda) factory, works pl.
    industria alimentare food industry; industria automobilistica car o motor industry; industria bellica armament industry; industria chimica chemical industry; industria farmaceutica drug o pharmaceutical industry; industria leggera light industry; industria meccanica engineering industry; industria mineraria mining industry; industria pesante heavy industry; industria petrolifera oil industry; industria siderurgica steel industry; industria dello spettacolo show business; industria tessile textile industry.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > industria

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 transformación

    f.
    1 transformation, alteration, conversion, change.
    2 transformation, mutation, metamorphosis, allaxis.
    * * *
    1 transformation
    * * *
    noun f.
    conversion, transformation
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cambio) transformation, change (en into)
    2) (Culin) processing
    3) (Rugby) conversion
    * * *
    a) ( cambio) transformation, change
    b) ( en rugby) conversion
    c) (Ling) transformation
    * * *
    = transformation, mutation, reengineering [re-engineering], remaking [re-making], conversion.
    Ex. Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex. The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.
    Ex. Reengineering involves eliminating repeated work spending less time with administrative tasks.
    Ex. The article 'The remaking of librarians in the knowledge era' details some of the efforts made to 'remake' the collection, advertise library services and rebuild membership.
    Ex. The LC has also participated in two co-operative programs for the conversion of printed record to machine-readable form.
    ----
    * de transformación = transformative.
    * experimentar una transformación = undergo + transformation.
    * proceso de transformación = transformation process.
    * transformación completa = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].
    * transformación de códigos = transcoding.
    * transformación de datos = data transformation.
    * transformación de la energía = energy conversion.
    * transformación energética = energy conversion.
    * * *
    a) ( cambio) transformation, change
    b) ( en rugby) conversion
    c) (Ling) transformation
    * * *
    = transformation, mutation, reengineering [re-engineering], remaking [re-making], conversion.

    Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.

    Ex: The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.
    Ex: Reengineering involves eliminating repeated work spending less time with administrative tasks.
    Ex: The article 'The remaking of librarians in the knowledge era' details some of the efforts made to 'remake' the collection, advertise library services and rebuild membership.
    Ex: The LC has also participated in two co-operative programs for the conversion of printed record to machine-readable form.
    * de transformación = transformative.
    * experimentar una transformación = undergo + transformation.
    * proceso de transformación = transformation process.
    * transformación completa = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].
    * transformación de códigos = transcoding.
    * transformación de datos = data transformation.
    * transformación de la energía = energy conversion.
    * transformación energética = energy conversion.

    * * *
    1 (cambio, metamorfosis) transformation, change
    su carácter ha sufrido una transformación his character has changed completely o has undergone a transformation
    la transformación de la oruga en mariposa the metamorphosis o transformation of the caterpillar into a butterfly
    2 (en rugby) conversion
    3 ( Ling) transformation
    * * *

    transformación sustantivo femenino


    c) (Ling) transformation

    transformación sustantivo femenino transformation
    ' transformación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sufrir
    - trasformación
    - operar
    English:
    change
    - transformation
    - conversion
    - mutate
    - mutation
    * * *
    transformación, trasformación nf
    1. [en general] transformation;
    nuestra sociedad ha experimentado una profunda transformación our society has undergone a profound transformation;
    la transformación del deporte en un mercado del ocio the transformation of sport into a leisure industry;
    las industrias de transformación processing industries
    2. [en rugby] conversion
    * * *
    f transformation
    * * *
    transformación nf, pl - ciones : transformation, conversion

    Spanish-English dictionary > transformación

  • 17 time-share

    Система совместного владения домом во время отпусков, при которой владельцы дома отдыхают там по заранее составленному расписанию.

    Time-share holidays are the fastest growing sector of the British leisure industry. — Отдых «по расписанию» наиболее развивающаяся область британской туристической индустрии.

    English-Russian dictionary of expressions > time-share

  • 18 libre

    adj.
    1 free.
    un taxi libre a free o empty taxi
    el puesto de tesorero ha quedado libre the post of treasurer is now vacant
    ser libre de o para hacer algo to be free to do something
    2 external (pupil).
    estudiar por libre to be an external student
    3 floating.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: librar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) free
    2 (asiento) free, vacant
    ■ ¿está libre? is this seat free?
    4 (exento) free
    5 (alumno) external
    6 (en natación) free-style
    \
    dejar libre a alguien to set somebody free
    ir por libre familiar to do one's own thing
    entrada libre free admittance
    * * *
    adj.
    1) free
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [gen] free (de from, of)

    ¿estás libre? — are you free?

    el martes estoy libre, así que podemos quedar — I'm free on Tuesday so we can meet up

    2) (=exento)
    3) (=sin ocupar) [plaza] vacant, unoccupied

    ¿está libre este asiento? — is this seat free?

    libre — [parking] spaces; [taxi] for hire

    4) [tiempo] spare, free
    5)
    6)

    • por libre (=por cuenta propia) —

    ir o funcionar por libre — to go it alone

    7) (Dep, Natación)
    saque 1., 1), tiro 3)
    8) [traducción, adaptación, verso] free
    9)

    libre a bordo — (Com) free on board

    10) † (=inmoral) loose, immoral

    de vida libre — loose-living, immoral

    2. SM
    1) (Dep) (=tiro) free kick
    2) Méx taxi
    3.
    SMF (Dep) (=jugador) sweeper
    * * *
    1) <país/pueblo> free

    libre de + inf — free to + inf

    2)
    a) <traducción/adaptación> free
    b) < estudiante> external

    ir por libre — (Esp fam) to do as one pleases

    3) ( no ocupado) <persona/tiempo/asiento> free

    ¿tienes un rato libre? — do you have a (spare) moment?

    ¿está libre el cuarto de baño? — is the bathroom free?

    4) (exento, no sujeto)

    libre de algo: la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility; artículos libres de impuestos duty-free goods; nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así — something like that could happen to any of us

    * * *
    = free [freer -comp., freest -sup.], unrestricted, unchecked, unconstrained, unhindered, uninhibited, unobstructed, untrammelled, vacant, unfettered, up for grabs, footloose, free-flowing, at large, unassigned, freewheeling [free-wheeling], fancy-free.
    Ex. Within a restriction of total record size of maximum of 30,000 characters, an intending user is free to format the records in his system.
    Ex. Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.
    Ex. The volume of published material tends to grow unchecked, and academic libraries are expected to provide a ready market for it.
    Ex. Libraries need to tackle issues that can ensure that their clients will have an unconstrained access to electronic information.
    Ex. The USA is, therefore, campaigning for absolutely unhindered information flow across all national boundaries.
    Ex. Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.
    Ex. From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.
    Ex. In times of war, or other reasons for the imposition of barriers to untrammelled distribution of information, such openness in communication cannot be allowed.
    Ex. Again we find that only the first entry leads us to the specific subject, and the others may in fact lead us to ` vacant' headings, ie headings under which no entries are filed.
    Ex. This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.
    Ex. The article 'Internet domain name control up for grabs' relates the decision by the National Science Foundation, USA, not to renew its agreement with Network Solutions Inc to handle Internet domain registrations.
    Ex. Americans are among the most opulent and footloose people on earth.
    Ex. Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Librarian at large'.
    Ex. If you would like to volunteer to present on one of the unassigned listed topics, please contact me.
    Ex. The culture that grew around this institution was even more freewheeling than it is today.
    Ex. In those days, he was a fancy-free young American, living out of a suitcase with a red and green camera always under his arm.
    ----
    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * al aire libre = open-air, in the open, out of doors, outdoors.
    * barra libre = open bar.
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.
    * campo de texto libre = free-text field.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * definición libre = liberal definition.
    * dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.
    * dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.
    * dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.
    * día libre = day off.
    * disponer de un rato libre = spare + time.
    * en los ratos libres de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, on + Posesivo + own time.
    * escalada libre = free-climbing.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espíritu libre = free spirit.
    * esquí estilo libre = freestyle skiing.
    * esquí libre = freestyle skiing.
    * estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.
    * estar libre de = be free from.
    * estilo libre = freestyle.
    * fondo de inversión libre = hedge fund.
    * fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.
    * fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.
    * frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.
    * horas libres = released time.
    * indización en lenguaje libre = free language indexing.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * instalaciones para dedicar el tiempo libre = leisure facilities.
    * juego al aire libre = outdoor game.
    * lenguaje de indización libre = free indexing language.
    * lenguaje libre = free language.
    * libre albedrío = free will.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * libre circulación de la información = free flow of information.
    * libre circulación de mercancías = free movement of goods.
    * libre comercio = free trade, free movement of goods.
    * libre como el viento = footloose and fancy-free.
    * libre de = unhampered by, unimpeded by, untrammelled by, unencumbered by.
    * libre de censura = uncensored.
    * libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.
    * libre de culpa = guilt-free, blameless.
    * libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.
    * libre de drogas = drug-free.
    * libre de gravámenes = unencumbered.
    * libre de humo = smokeless.
    * libre de humos = smoke-free.
    * libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.
    * libre de la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).
    * libre de peligro = free of danger.
    * libre de polvo = dust-free.
    * libre de preocupaciones = worry-free.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * libre de restricciones = unencumbered.
    * libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.
    * libre de servicio = off-duty.
    * libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * libre de trabas = unencumbered.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * libre y sin compromiso = footloose and fancy-free.
    * manos libres = hands-free.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado libre = open market, free-for-all.
    * pasar el tiempo libre = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.
    * piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.
    * piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * pregunta de respuesta libre = open-ended question.
    * programas de software libre = freeware.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * quedar libre = become + vacant.
    * recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * software libre = freeware, free software.
    * teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.
    * tener un rato libre = spare + time.
    * tiempo libre = leisure, leisure time, free time, idle hours.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.
    * * *
    1) <país/pueblo> free

    libre de + inf — free to + inf

    2)
    a) <traducción/adaptación> free
    b) < estudiante> external

    ir por libre — (Esp fam) to do as one pleases

    3) ( no ocupado) <persona/tiempo/asiento> free

    ¿tienes un rato libre? — do you have a (spare) moment?

    ¿está libre el cuarto de baño? — is the bathroom free?

    4) (exento, no sujeto)

    libre de algo: la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility; artículos libres de impuestos duty-free goods; nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así — something like that could happen to any of us

    * * *
    = free [freer -comp., freest -sup.], unrestricted, unchecked, unconstrained, unhindered, uninhibited, unobstructed, untrammelled, vacant, unfettered, up for grabs, footloose, free-flowing, at large, unassigned, freewheeling [free-wheeling], fancy-free.

    Ex: Within a restriction of total record size of maximum of 30,000 characters, an intending user is free to format the records in his system.

    Ex: Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.
    Ex: The volume of published material tends to grow unchecked, and academic libraries are expected to provide a ready market for it.
    Ex: Libraries need to tackle issues that can ensure that their clients will have an unconstrained access to electronic information.
    Ex: The USA is, therefore, campaigning for absolutely unhindered information flow across all national boundaries.
    Ex: Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.
    Ex: From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.
    Ex: In times of war, or other reasons for the imposition of barriers to untrammelled distribution of information, such openness in communication cannot be allowed.
    Ex: Again we find that only the first entry leads us to the specific subject, and the others may in fact lead us to ` vacant' headings, ie headings under which no entries are filed.
    Ex: This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.
    Ex: The article 'Internet domain name control up for grabs' relates the decision by the National Science Foundation, USA, not to renew its agreement with Network Solutions Inc to handle Internet domain registrations.
    Ex: Americans are among the most opulent and footloose people on earth.
    Ex: Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Librarian at large'.
    Ex: If you would like to volunteer to present on one of the unassigned listed topics, please contact me.
    Ex: The culture that grew around this institution was even more freewheeling than it is today.
    Ex: In those days, he was a fancy-free young American, living out of a suitcase with a red and green camera always under his arm.
    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * al aire libre = open-air, in the open, out of doors, outdoors.
    * barra libre = open bar.
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.
    * campo de texto libre = free-text field.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * definición libre = liberal definition.
    * dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.
    * dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.
    * dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.
    * día libre = day off.
    * disponer de un rato libre = spare + time.
    * en los ratos libres de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, on + Posesivo + own time.
    * escalada libre = free-climbing.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espíritu libre = free spirit.
    * esquí estilo libre = freestyle skiing.
    * esquí libre = freestyle skiing.
    * estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.
    * estar libre de = be free from.
    * estilo libre = freestyle.
    * fondo de inversión libre = hedge fund.
    * fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.
    * fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.
    * frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.
    * horas libres = released time.
    * indización en lenguaje libre = free language indexing.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * instalaciones para dedicar el tiempo libre = leisure facilities.
    * juego al aire libre = outdoor game.
    * lenguaje de indización libre = free indexing language.
    * lenguaje libre = free language.
    * libre albedrío = free will.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * libre circulación de la información = free flow of information.
    * libre circulación de mercancías = free movement of goods.
    * libre comercio = free trade, free movement of goods.
    * libre como el viento = footloose and fancy-free.
    * libre de = unhampered by, unimpeded by, untrammelled by, unencumbered by.
    * libre de censura = uncensored.
    * libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.
    * libre de culpa = guilt-free, blameless.
    * libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.
    * libre de drogas = drug-free.
    * libre de gravámenes = unencumbered.
    * libre de humo = smokeless.
    * libre de humos = smoke-free.
    * libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.
    * libre de la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).
    * libre de peligro = free of danger.
    * libre de polvo = dust-free.
    * libre de preocupaciones = worry-free.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * libre de restricciones = unencumbered.
    * libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.
    * libre de servicio = off-duty.
    * libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * libre de trabas = unencumbered.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * libre y sin compromiso = footloose and fancy-free.
    * manos libres = hands-free.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado libre = open market, free-for-all.
    * pasar el tiempo libre = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.
    * piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.
    * piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * pregunta de respuesta libre = open-ended question.
    * programas de software libre = freeware.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * quedar libre = become + vacant.
    * recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * software libre = freeware, free software.
    * teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.
    * tener un rato libre = spare + time.
    * tiempo libre = leisure, leisure time, free time, idle hours.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹país/pueblo› free
    lo dejaron libre they set him free
    2 libre DE + INF free to + INF
    eres libre de ir donde quieras you're free to go wherever you want
    soy muy libre de ir vestida como se me antoje I'm perfectly entitled to dress however I like
    3
    (sin compromiso): me confesó que no era libre he admitted that he wasn't a free man
    Compuestos:
    masculine free will
    ● libre cambio or comercio
    masculine free trade
    feminine free market, free market system
    masculine free market
    B
    1 ‹traducción/adaptación› free
    una redacción sobre tema libre an essay on a theme of your choice, a free composition
    los 200 metros libres the 200 meters freestyle
    2 ‹estudiante› external
    trabajar por libre to work freelance
    hacer algo por libre ( Esp); to do sth one's own way
    ir por libre ( Esp fam); to do as one pleases
    1 ‹persona› free
    ¿estás libre esta noche? are you free tonight?
    2 ‹tiempo› free
    ¿tienes un rato libre? do you have a (spare) moment?
    en sus ratos libres in her spare o free time
    hoy tengo el día libre I have the day off today
    cuando tengas un par de horas libres when you have a couple of hours free o to spare
    3 ‹asiento› free
    ¿ese asiento está libre? is that seat free?
    no pasó ni un taxi libre not a single empty taxi went by
    ¿está libre el cuarto de baño? is the bathroom free?
    [ S ] Parking: libre Parking Lot: spaces ( AmE), Car Park: spaces ( BrE)
    D (exento, no sujeto) libre DE algo:
    una propiedad libre de hipotecas an unmortgaged property
    la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility
    artículos libres de impuestos duty-free o tax-free goods
    nadie está libre de culpa nobody is blameless
    nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así something like that could happen to any of us
    libre de riesgo risk-free
    ( Méx)
    taxi
    * * *

     

    Del verbo librar: ( conjugate librar)

    libré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    libre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    librar    
    libre
    librar ( conjugate librar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( liberar) libre a algn de algo ‹ de peligro› to save sb from sth;
    ‹de obligación/responsabilidad› to free sb from sth;
    ◊ ¡Dios nos libre! God forbid!

    2 ‹batalla/combate› to fight
    librarse verbo pronominal:

    librese de algo ‹de tarea/obligación› to get out of sth;
    librese de un castigo to escape punishment;
    se libró de tener que ayudarlo she got out of having to help him;
    se libreon de morir asfixiados they escaped being suffocated;
    librese de algn to get rid of sb
    libre adjetivo
    1 ‹país/pueblo› free;

    eres libre de ir donde quieras you're free to go wherever you want;
    libre albedrío free will;
    libre cambio or comercio free trade;
    libre mercado free market
    2 ‹traducción/adaptación› free;

    3 ( no ocupado) ‹persona/tiempo/asiento› free;
    ◊ ¿tienes un rato libre? do you have a (spare) moment?;

    en sus ratos libres in her spare o free time;
    tengo el día libre I have the day off
    4 ( exento):

    librar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to free: me libró de un castigo, she let me off from a punishment
    2 (una orden de pago) to draw
    II vi (tener el día libre) libra los fines de semana, he has weekends off
    libre adjetivo free: está libre de sospecha, she's free from suspicion
    eres (muy) libre de hacerlo, you are quite free to do it
    libre de impuestos, tax-free
    ¡vía libre!, make way!
    ' libre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aire
    - albedrío
    - bufé
    - carga
    - desocupada
    - desocupado
    - día
    - entrada
    - franca
    - franco
    - hueca
    - hueco
    - impuesta
    - impuesto
    - librar
    - lucha
    - perilla
    - plaza
    - radical
    - suelta
    - suelto
    - tiempo
    - tienda
    - Tiro
    - tomarse
    - traducción
    - vía
    - aduana
    - caída
    - despejado
    - dios
    - dueño
    - economía
    - estilo
    - falta
    - hora
    - lavadero
    - limpiar
    - limpio
    - lugar
    - melé
    - ocio
    - ocupar
    - paso
    - puerto
    - sacar
    - teatro
    - tiro
    - tomar
    - tranquilo
    English:
    all-in wrestling
    - available
    - buffet
    - clear
    - clearance
    - day off
    - door
    - duty-free
    - economy
    - equity
    - festival
    - free
    - free enterprise
    - free fall
    - free kick
    - free love
    - free rein
    - free trade
    - free-style
    - garden party
    - have off
    - hire
    - leisure time
    - liberal
    - liberty
    - off
    - open
    - open-air
    - outdoor
    - outdoors
    - outdoorsman
    - own
    - place
    - quit
    - sky-dive
    - sky-diver
    - sleep out
    - smokeless zone
    - spare
    - take off
    - tax free
    - unoccupied
    - vacancy
    - vacant
    - day
    - demand
    - duty
    - enterprise
    - foot
    - freelance
    * * *
    libre adj
    1. [sin limitaciones] free;
    el amor libre free love;
    ser libre de o [m5] para hacer algo to be free to do sth;
    eres libre de hacer lo que quieras you are free to do as you wish;
    es libre para casarse con quien quiera she is free to marry whoever she pleases;
    entrada libre [en letrero] entry free
    libre albedrío free will; Econ libre cambio free trade; [de divisas] floating exchange rates; Econ libre circulación de capitales free circulation of capital;
    libre circulación de mercancías free movement of goods;
    libre circulación de personas free movement of people;
    libre mercado free market
    2. [no encarcelado] free
    3. [país] free
    4. [sin novio, pareja] free, available
    5. [sin obstáculos] [camino, carretera] clear
    6.
    libre de [exento] exempt from;
    libre de culpa free from blame;
    libre de franqueo esp Br post-free, US postage-free;
    libre de impuestos [alcohol, cigarrillos] tax-free, duty-free
    7. [desocupado] [asiento] free;
    [retrete] vacant; [casa] empty;
    ¿estarás libre mañana? will you be free tomorrow?;
    el puesto de tesorero ha quedado libre the post of treasurer is now vacant;
    un taxi libre a free o empty taxi;
    libre [en taxi] for hire;
    ahora no tengo las manos libres my hands are full at the moment;
    aparcamiento: libre [en letrero] parking: spaces
    8. [tiempo] free, spare;
    cuando tenga un rato libre, te llamo I'll call you when I've got a (spare) moment;
    en mis ratos libres me gusta tocar el piano in my spare o free time I like to play the piano;
    mañana tengo el día libre I've got the day off tomorrow;
    tengo dos horas libres I have two hours spare
    9. [independiente] independent;
    [alumno] external;
    trabajar por libre to work freelance;
    estudiar por libre to be an external student;
    Esp
    ir por libre to do things one's own way;
    Esp
    cuando viajo me gusta ir por libre más que ir en grupo I prefer travelling alone to travelling in a group
    10. [estilo, traducción] free;
    Dep
    200 metros libres 200 metres freestyle
    * * *
    adj free; tiempo spare, free;
    eres libre de you’re free to;
    trabajar por libre be self-employed;
    * * *
    libre adj
    1) : free
    un país libre: a free country
    libre de: free from, exempt from
    libre albedrío: free will
    2) desocupado: vacant
    3)
    día libre : day off
    * * *
    libre adj free
    libre de impuestos tax free / duty free

    Spanish-English dictionary > libre

  • 19 Gewerbe

    Gewerbe n GEN, IND business, industry, trade (No exact English equivalent, but the following six meanings convey the diverse aspects: 1. business (als Gegensatz zu Freizeitaktivität, as distinct from leisure-time activities); 2. industry (im Sinne von ‚gewerbliche Wirtschaft’, including mining, craft trades, commerce, transport, catering, banking & insurance, and other services, i.e. excluding farming); 3. a segment of the economy, as above, specified in the Gewerbeordnung = Industrial Code, but excluding mining; 4. all small and medium-sized goods-producing businesses = mittelständisches Gewerbe; 5. trade (small manufacturers and traders = Kleingewerbe); 6. last but not least: the world’s oldest profession = das älteste Gewerbe der Welt. Steuerrechtliche Kriterien: Selbstständige, planmäßige, nachhaltige (auch sittenwidrige) Betätigung, Beteiligung am allgemeinen wirtschaftlichen Verkehr, Gewinnerzielungsabsicht) • ein Gewerbe betreiben als GEN trade as • ein Gewerbe treiben als GEN trade as
    * * *
    n <Geschäft, Ind> business, industry, trade (No exact English equivalent, but the following six meanings convey the diverse aspects
    : 1. business (als Gegensatz zu Freizeitaktivität, as distinct from leisure-time activities) ; 2. industry (im Sinne von 'gewerbliche Wirtschaft', including mining, craft trades, commerce, transport, catering, banking & insurance, and other services, i.e. excluding farming) ; 3. a segment of the economy, as above, specified in the Gewerbeordnung = Industrial Code, but excluding mining ; 4. all small and medium-sized goods-producing businesses = mittelständisches Gewerbe ; 5. trade (small manufacturers and traders = Kleingewerbe) ; 6. last but not least: the world's oldest profession = das älteste Gewerbe der Welt. Steuerrechtliche Kriterien: Selbständige, planmäßige, nachhaltige (auch sittenwidrige) Betätigung, Beteiligung am allgemeinen wirtschaftlichen Verkehr, Gewinnerzielungsabsicht) ■ ein Gewerbe betreiben als < Geschäft> trade as ■ ein Gewerbe treiben als < Geschäft> trade as
    --------
    : damit verbundene Gewerbe
    < Ind> allied industries, associated industries
    * * *
    Gewerbe
    business, trade, (Beruf) calling, profession, occupation, vocation, shop, job (US), (Handwerk) craft, (Industrie) industry, (Industriezweig) line of business, branch of industry;
    • ambulantes Gewerbe itinerant trade (trading), runaway shop, travelling vendors, peddlery (US), pedlary (Br.), peddling;;
    • Anstoß erregendes Gewerbe offensive trade;
    • aufblühendes Gewerbe boom industry;
    • noch in der Entstehung begriffenes Gewerbe embryo industry;
    • besonderes Gewerbe particular branch;
    • im kleinsten Umfang betriebenes Gewerbe microbusiness;
    • Dienst leistendes Gewerbe service industries;
    • dunkles Gewerbe shady business;
    • ehrbares Gewerbe honest trade, gentle calling;
    • einträgliches Gewerbe profitable trade;
    • energieintensive Gewerbe energy-intense industries;
    • gefährliches Gewerbe dangerous trade (industry);
    • genehmigungspflichtiges Gewerbe trade subject to a licence, licence case (US);
    • gesundheitsschädliches Gewerbe offensive trade;
    • grafisches Gewerbe printing trade;
    • handwerkliches Gewerbe handicraft [business], craftman's establishment;
    • kaufmännisches Gewerbe merchanthood, merchantry, business (commercial) occupation;
    • konzessioniertes Gewerbe licensed traffic;
    • landwirtschaftliches Gewerbe non-commercial trade;
    • im öffentlichen Interesse liegendes Gewerbe business affected with a public interest;
    • modeabhängiges Gewerbe fashionable trade;
    • nützliches Gewerbe useful trade;
    • ortsansässiges Gewerbe local trade;
    • nicht registriertes Gewerbe unincorporated enterprise;
    • schmutziges Gewerbe no lawful trade;
    • sittenwidriges Gewerbe immoral trade;
    • stehendes Gewerbe non-itinerant trading;
    • durch Industriealisierung überholtes Gewerbe industry by-passed by industrialization;
    • unterentlohntes Gewerbe sweatshop industry;
    • verbotenes Gewerbe no lawful trade;
    • zünftiges Gewerbe incorporated trade;
    • Handel und Gewerbe commerce and industry;
    • Gewerbe belästigender Art noxious trade;
    • Gewerbe der Steuerumgehung tax avoidance industry;
    • Gewerbe im Umherziehen runaway shop, itinerant trade (trading), peddlery, pedlary;
    • sein Kapital in einem Gewerbe anlegen to buy o. s. into an industry;
    • Gewerbe anmelden to register a trade (business);
    • Gewerbe ansiedeln to locate industry;
    • Gewerbe ausüben (betreiben) to carry on (drive, exercise, ply, pursue, follow) a trade, to run a business (US);
    • Gewerbe beginnen to open a trade;
    • Gewerbe nach kaufmännischen Gesichtspunkten betreiben to carry on a trade on a commercial basis;
    • auf Gewinn gerichtetes Gewerbe betreiben to carry on business in common with a view to profit;
    • Gewerbe erlernen to learn a trade;
    • sein Gewerbe bei erkannter Insolvenz fortsetzen to continue trading after knowledge of insolvency;
    • etw. zum Gewerbe machen to professionalize s. th.;
    • einem Gewerbe nachgehen to prosecute (ply) a trade, to pursue a line of business;
    • seinem Gewerbe nachgehen to go about one’s lawful occasions;
    • Gewerbeanmeldung registration of business;
    • Gewerbeantrag business application;
    • Gewerbeantragsteller commercial applicant;
    • Gewerbeaufseher factory inspector, industrial executive (US);
    • Gewerbeaufsicht factory (labo(u)r, trade) inspection;
    • Gewerbeaufsichtamt factory inspectorate division, industrial executive (US);
    • Gewerbeaufsichtswesen factoryship;
    • Gewerbeausbildung industrial training;
    • Gewerbeausbildungsgesetz Industrial Training Act (Br.);
    • Gewerbeausschuss trade committee;
    • Gewerbeausschuss für das Hotel- und Gaststättenwesen Hotel and Catering Industry Board (Br.);
    • Gewerbeausstellung industrial (trade) exhibition, trade fair (Br.);
    • Gewerbeausübung exercise (pursuit, conduct) of a trade;
    • Gewerbebank industrial bank;
    • Gewerbebeeinträchtigung interference with trade;
    • Gewerbe befugnis, Gewerbeberechtigung [business (trade)] licence, commercial privilege, letters of business (Br.), concession (US);
    • ausschließliche Gewerbeberechtigung monopoly;
    • Gewerbeberechtigung entziehen to withdraw the operating licence;
    • Gewerbebesteuerung business taxation.

    Business german-english dictionary > Gewerbe

  • 20 attività

    "activity;
    Vorgang"
    * * *
    f activity
    pl finance assets
    che attività svolgi? what do you do (for a living)?
    avere un'attività in proprio have one's own business
    * * *
    attività s.f.
    1 activity; operation: campo di attività, sphere of activity (o of action) // in attività, in action (o at work); è un momento di grande attività, this is a very busy time; a Natale tutti i negozi sono in piena attività, at Christmas the shops are very busy; la fabbrica è in piena attività, the factory is at full production (o is working at full stretch); la nuova fabbrica è adesso in piena attività, the new factory is now fully operational; mantenere in attività un'industria, to keep an industry going; entrare in attività, ( di vulcano) to become active // nonostante i suoi anni, è ancora in attività, in spite of his age, he's still an active man
    2 (lavoro, occupazione) occupation, work; job: quale è la tua attività?, what's your job?; quale è il tuo campo di attività?, what field do you work in? // attività criminosa organizzata, racket; attività industriale, industry; attività terziaria, service industry; attività mineraria, mining // (comm., fin.): attività ausiliaria, service; attività collaterale, side line (o business); attività imprenditoriale rischiosa, venture; persone che svolgono attività professionali, people in professional occupations // (banca) attività di una banca d'affari, merchant banking // (Borsa) chi pratica l'attività di share pushing, share pusher
    3 pl. (comm.) assets: attività e passività, assets and liabilities; attività di pronto realizzo, quick assets; attività di lento realizzo, slow assets; attività di riserva, reserve assets; attività materiali, tangibili, tangible assets; attività produttive, productive assets; attività reali, physical (o real) assets
    4 ( operosità) activity; industry; energy; briskness; dispatch: la sua attività è sorprendente, his energy is surprising
    5 (fis., chim.) activity: attività ottica, optical activity; attività solare, solar activity
    6 (inform.) activity; (IBM) task: attività di collegamento logico, (PERT) dummy activity.
    * * *
    [attivi'ta]
    sostantivo femminile invariabile
    1) (lavoro, occupazione) activity; (esercizio commerciale) business

    esercitare un'attività — to practise (an activity), to be in business

    cessare l'attività — [impresa, commerciante] to close down

    2) (funzionamento) activity

    essere in piena attività — [laboratorio, stazione, persona] to be fully operational

    in attività — [ vulcano] active; [ fabbrica] in operation

    3) (operosità) activity, business
    4) econ. asset
    •
    * * *
    attività
    /attivi'ta/
    f.inv.
     1 (lavoro, occupazione) activity; (esercizio commerciale) business; che attività svolgi? what's your line of business? esercitare un'attività to practise (an activity), to be in business; cessare l'attività [impresa, commerciante] to close down
     2 (funzionamento) activity; essere in piena attività [laboratorio, stazione, persona] to be fully operational; in attività [ vulcano] active; [ fabbrica] in operation
     3 (operosità) activity, business
     4 econ. asset; le attività e le passività assets and liabilities
    attività manuale manual work; attività ricreativa leisure.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > attività

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